The incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly rising in the United States and so does the number of thyroidectomies. The diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules is very critical. Several controversies are noted in the evaluation of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. This session will discuss the current controversies and long-term outcomes in the management of thyroid nodules. The discussion will revolve mainly around the prognostic factors and risk group analysis. Specific controversies related to extent of thyroidectomy and neck dissection will be discussed.